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{{No footnotes|date=April 2008}}
{{Original research|date=September 2010}}

'''Internet art''' (often referred to as '''net art''') is a form of [[digital art]]work distributed via the [[Internet]]. This form of art has circumvented the traditional dominance of the gallery and museum system, delivering aesthetic experiences via the Internet. In many cases, the viewer is drawn into some kind of [[interactivity|interaction]] with the work of art. Artists working in this manner are sometimes referred to as '''net artists'''.

Internet art can happen outside the technical structure of the Internet, such as when artists use specific social or cultural Internet traditions in a project outside of it. Internet art is often—but not always—interactive, participatory, and [[multimedia]]-based. Internet art can be used to spread a message, either political or social, using human interactions.

The term ''Internet art'' typically does not refer to art that has been simply digitized and uploaded to be viewable over the Internet. This can be done through a web browser, such as images of paintings uploaded for viewing in an online gallery.<ref name="nydigitalsalon.org">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.nydigitalsalon.org/10/essay.php?essay=6
| title = Ten Myths of Internet Art
| last = Ippolito
| first = Jon
| work = VECTORS: Digital art of our time
| publisher = New York Digital Salon
| location = New York
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }}</ref>
Rather, this genre relies intrinsically on the Internet to exist, taking advantage of such aspects as an interactive interface and connectivity to multiple social and economic cultures and micro-cultures. It refers to the Internet as a whole, not only to web-based works.

Theoriest and curator [[Jon Ippolito]] defined "Ten Myths" about Internet art in 2002.<ref name="nydigitalsalon.org"/> He cites the above stipulations, as well as defining it as distinct from commercial web design, and touching on issues of permanence, archivability, and collecting in a fluid medium.

==Forms and presentation==
Internet art can be created in a variety of media: through websites; [[E-mail art|e-mail projects]]; Internet-based original software projects (sometimes involving games); Internet-linked networked installations; interactive and/or streaming video, audio, or radio works; and networked performances (using multi-user domains, virtual worlds such as [[Second Life]], chat rooms, and other networked environments).<ref name="findarticles.com">{{Cite web
| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_9_38/ai_65649375/
| title = Web Work: A History of Internet Art
| last = Greene
| first = Rachel
| year = 2000
| month = May
| work = BNET: The CBS Interactive business network
| publisher = CBS Interactive
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }} (Republished from ''ArtForum'' magazine)</ref>
It can also include completely offline events, like [[Alexei Shulgin]]'s 1997 Vienna performance, ''Real Cyberknowledge for Real People''. Shulgin printed out copies of ''{{'}}Beauty and the East' / ZKP4'', published online by the mailing list [[nettime]], and handed the booklets out to passers-by on the streets of Vienna.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://kunstradio.at/FUTURE/RTF/INSTALLATIONS/SHULGIN/cyberknow.html
| title = Cyberknowledge for Real People
| work = Recycling the Future 4: Action in public space
| publisher = Kunstradio
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }}</ref>
Internet art overlaps with other computer-based art forms such as [[new media art]], [[electronic art]], [[software art]], [[digital art]], [[telematic art]] and [[generative art]].

The terms ''Internet art'', ''net-based art'', ''net art'', ''[[Net.art]]'', ''Web art,'' and even ''networked art'' have all been used to classify this type of work. However, the term ''networked art'' has a history of usage for artworks that were connected through closed networks before the Internet's popularization and commercialization in the early 1990s, such as many [[Telematic art]] projects.<ref name="nydigitalsalon.org"/> ''Net.art'' (pronounced "Net-dot-art") was a more popular term in the 1990s, often referring to some of the first net artists who were critiquing the structures of the Internet.<ref name="rhizome-ed">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.rhizome.org/editorial/2416
| title = Conference Report: NET.ART (SECOND EPOCH)
| last = Olson
| first = Marisa
| date = March 9, 2009
| work = Rhizome at the New Museum
| publisher = Rhizome
| location = New York
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }}</ref>{{Syn|date=September 2010}}

Critic Rachel Greene states that the term originated "when Slovenian artist Vuk Cosic opened an anonymous e-mail only to find it had been mangled in transmission. Amid a morass of alphanumeric gibberish, Cosic could make out just one legible term —'net.art'—which he began using to talk about online art and communications."<ref name="findarticles.com"/> Greene lists several artists as early experimenters of the form: [[Vuk Ćosić]], [[Jodi]], [[Alexei Shulgin]], [[Heath Bunting]], [[Shu Lea Cheang]], [[VNS Matrix]] and [[Olia Lialina]]. In her book ''Internet Art'', Green places the inception of Internet art after 1993, with the popularization of graphical web browsing.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = Internet Art
| series = World of Art
| last = Greene
| first = Rachel
| publisher = Thames & Hudson
| month = June
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0500203767 }}</ref>

==History and context==
Internet art is rooted in disparate artistic traditions and movements, ranging from [[Dada]] to [[Situationist International|Situationism]], [[conceptual art]], [[Fluxus]], [[video art]], [[kinetic art]] [[performance art]] and [[happenings]].<ref>{{Cite book
| url = http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=511
| title = At a Distance: Precursors to Art and Activism on the Internet
| last = Chandler
| first = Annmarie
| last2 = Neumark
| first2 = Norie
| publisher = MIT Press
| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| year = 2005
| isbn = 0262033283}}</ref>

As the art form develops, its historical context is continually re-evaluated. Amsterdam-based critic Josephine Bosma defines Internet art as having "five generations",<ref name="rhizome-ed"/> where the first generation of artists did not work with the Internet proper, but with electronic interconnectivity—precursors to the Internet, such as fax, slow scan television and videotex. These earlier forms are often defined more broadly as Networked art.<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal
| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575311
| title = Chronology and Working Survey of Select Telecommunications Activity
| last = Loeffler
| first = Carl Eugene
| last2 = Ascott
| first2 = Roy
| journal = Leonardo
| volume = 24
| issue = 2
| year = 1991
| pages = 236–240
| publisher = MIT Press
| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| issn = 0024094X }}</ref>

An early Networked artwork was [[Roy Ascott]]'s work, ''La Plissure du Texte'',<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.normill.ca/Text/plissure.txt
| title = Plissure du Texte
| work = The NorMill
| last = White
| first = Norman T.
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }} (Unedited transcript including organizational discussion.)</ref>
performed in collaboration created for an exhibition at the [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]] in 1983, using a closed-network of invited artists on the ARTEX network.<ref name="jstor.org"/> Media art institutions such as [[Ars Electronica]] Festival in [[Linz]], or the [[Paris]]-based [http://www.ircam.fr/ IRCAM] (a research center for electronic music), would also support or present early Networked art. In 1974, Canadian artist Vera Frenkel worked with the Bell Canada Teleconferencing Studios to produce the work ''String Games'', the first artwork from Canada to use telecommunications technologies.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=1974
| work = Shifting Polarities
| title = Electronic media in 1974
| last = Langill
| first = Caroline
| year = 2009
| publisher = The Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology
| location = Montreal
| accessdate = September 21, 2010 }}</ref>

However, as Greene and others note, with spread of the desktop computer in the 1980s and the advent of the Web in the 1990s, a much broader spectrum of artists entered the field, often completely independent from art institutions—and often purposely at odds with institutional culture.<ref name="findarticles.com"/>

Between 1994 to 2000, several public venues formed to archive, disseminate and promote Internet art. Key organizations included [[The Thing (art project)|The Thing]]; Adaweb, directed by Benjamin Weil; Alt-X, founded by artist [[Mark Amerika]]; [[Rhizome]], initiated by artist and curator [[Mark Tribe]]; and FILE [[Electronic Language International Festival]], founded by artists Ricardo Barreto and Paula Perissinotto.<ref name="findarticles.com"/>

With the rise of search engines as a gateway to accessing the web in the late 1990s, many net artists turned their attention to related themes. The 2001 'Data Dynamics' exhibit at the Whitney Museum of American Art featured 'Netomat' (Maciej Wisniewski) and 'Apartment' (Marek Walczak and [[Martin M. Wattenberg|Martin Wattenberg]], which used search queries as raw material. [[Golan Levin]]'s 'The Secret Lives of Numbers' (2000) visualized the "popularity" of the numbers 1 to 1,000,000 as measured by Alta Vista search results. Such works pointed to alternative interfaces and questioned the dominant role of search engines in controlling access to the net.

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Digital art]]
* [[Tradigital art]]
* [[Cyberculture]]
* [[Net.art]]
* [[Net-poetry]]
* [[Cyberformance]]
* [[Art sales]]
* [[Hypertext fiction]]
* [[Virtual art]]
* [[Artmedia]]
* [[Web 2.0 Suicide Machine]]
* [[The Pirate Bay]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Weibel, Peter and Gerbel, Karl (1995). [http://90.146.8.18/de/archives/festival_archive/festival_catalogs/festival_catalog.asp?iProjectID=8604 ''Welcome in the Net World ''], @rs electronica 95 Linz. Wien New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-211-82709-9
* [[Fred Forest]] 1998,¨Pour un art actuel, l'art à l'heure d'Internet" l'Harmattan, Paris
*Barreto, Ricardo and Perissinotto, Paula [http://www.file.org.br/the_culture_of_immanence.doc “the_culture_of_immanence”], in Internet Art.
* Baumgärtel, Tilman (2001). ''net.art 2.0 – Neue Materialien zur Netzkunst / New Materials towards Net art''. Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst. ISBN 3-933096-66-9.
* Wilson, Stephen (2001). ''Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science and Technology''. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-23209-X.
* [[Caterina Davinio]] 2002. ''Tecno-Poesia e realtà virtuali / Techno-Poetry and Virtual Realities'', Sometti, Mantua (IT) Collection: Archivio della poesia del 900. Mantua Municipality. With English translation. ISBN88-88091-85-8
* Stallabrass, Julian (2003). "Internet Art: the online clash of culture and commerce". [[Tate Publishing Ltd|Tate Publishing]]. ISBN 1-85437-345-5, ISBN 978-1-85437-345-8.
* [[Christine Buci-Glucksmann]], "L’art à l’époque virtuel", in Frontières esthétiques de l’art, Arts 8, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004
* Greene, Rachel (2004). "Internet Art". Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20376-8, ISBN 978-0-500-20376-7.
* [[Oliver Grau]] Virtual Art, from Illusion to Immersion, MIT Press 2004, pp. 237–240, ISBN 0262572230
* WB05 e-symposium published as ISEA Newsletter #102 - ISSN 1488-3635 #102 [http://www.isea-web.org/inl/inl102.html]
* Ascott, R.2003. ''Telematic Embrace: visionary theories of art, technology and consciousness''. ([[Edward A. Shanken]], ed.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
*[[Roy Ascott]] 2002. ''Technoetic Arts'' (Editor and Korean translation: YI, Won-Kon), (Media & Art Series no. 6, Institute of Media Art, Yonsei University). Yonsei: Yonsei University Press
* Ascott, R. 1998. ''Art & Telematics: toward the Construction of New Aesthetics''. (Japanese trans. E. Fujihara). A. Takada & Y. Yamashita eds. Tokyo: NTT Publishing Co.,Ltd.
* [[Fred Forest]] 2008. ''Art et Internet'', Paris Editions Cercle D'Art / Imaginaire Mode d'Emploi
* Monoskop (2010). Overview of 'surf clubs' phenomenon. [http://burundi.sk/monoskop/index.php/Category:Surf_clubs]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Internet Art}}
[[Category:Computer art]]
[[Category:Digital art]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:Contemporary art]]
[[Category:happenings]]

[[de:Netzkunst]]
[[fr:Art en ligne]]
[[nl:Internetkunst]]
[[ja:インターネットアート]]
[[pl:Sztuka Internetu]]
[[pt:Web arte]]
[[ru:Нет-арт]]
[[sk:Sieťové umenie]]
[[sl:Spletna umetnost]]
[[tr:İnternet sanatı]]
*http://www.jazzvisiontrio.info

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Jonas Lund: Created page with "{{No footnotes|date=April 2008}} {{Original research|date=September 2010}} '''Internet art''' (often referred to as '''net art''') is a form of digital artwork distributed v..."